Organic tshuajua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua yam kabmob muaj sia, suav nrog tib neeg. Cov tebchaw no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lawv cov qauv carbon-based thiab lawv lub peev xwm los tsim cov molecules complex. Ntawm ntau hom tshuaj lom neeg, plaub sawv cev tshwj xeeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab cov txheej txheem lom neeg: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, thiab nucleotides.
1. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates yog ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj organic uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog rau lub cev. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm carbon, hydrogen, thiab oxygen atoms, feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio ntawm 1: 2: 1. Carbohydrates tau muab faib ua peb pawg tseem ceeb: cov suab thaj yooj yim (monosaccharides), cov suab thaj nyuaj (disaccharides thiab polysaccharides), thiab cov khoom noj muaj fiber ntau. Cov suab thaj yooj yim, xws li qabzib, yog lub tsev thaiv cov carbohydrates ntau dua thiab tau nkag los ntawm lub cev los muab lub zog. Cov suab thaj nyuaj, zoo li sucrose (cov suab thaj qab zib) thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov suab thaj yooj yim txuas ua ke. Dietary fiber, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog indigestible los ntawm tib neeg cov enzymes thiab dhau los ntawm lub plab zom mov, txhawb kev noj qab haus huv ntawm plab hnyuv.
2. Lipids
Lipids yog ib pawg ntawm ntau haiv neegorganic tshuajuas yog tsim los ntawm carbon, hydrogen, thiab oxygen atoms. Lawv yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej tab sis soluble nyob rau hauv organic solvents. Lipids ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov txheej txheem lom neeg, suav nrog lub zog cia, cell membrane qauv, thiab teeb liab. Peb hom lipids tseem ceeb yog rog, roj, thiab waxes. Cov rog yog cov khoom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub thiab muaj li ntawm glycerol esterified nrog peb fatty acid molecules. Cov roj, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog kua nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub thiab muaj unsaturated fatty acids. Waxes yog cov khoom lipids uas feem ntau siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab tswm ciab.
3. Cov protein
Proteins yog cov tshuaj organic complex uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov qauv, kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm lub cev hlwb, cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab lub cev. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov amino acids txuas ua ke los ntawm peptide bonds. Proteins ua si ntau lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev, suav nrog enzymatic catalysis, kev txhawb nqa cov qauv, kev tswj hwm cov tshuaj hormones, thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Proteins raug cais raws li lawv cov duab, kev ua haujlwm, thiab qhov chaw. Qee hom proteins xws li enzymes, tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, cov tshuaj hormones, thiab cov proteins xws li collagen thiab keratin.
4. Nucleotides
Nucleotides yog lub tsev thaiv ntawm nucleic acids, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev khaws cia thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv ntawm caj ces hauv txhua lub hlwb. Nucleotides yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus muaj nitrogen, tsib-carbon qab zib (ribose los yog deoxyribose), thiab ib lossis ntau pawg phosphate. Cov hauv paus muaj nitrogen yog adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (hauv DNA) lossis uracil (hauv RNA). Nucleotides txuas ua ke los tsim cov nucleic acid chains, uas yog ces coiled thiab folded rau hauv complex qauv hu ua nucleic acids. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) thiab RNA (ribonucleic acid) yog ob lub ntsiab ntawm nucleic acids pom nyob rau hauv cov hlwb nyob.
Hauv kev xaus, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, thiab nucleotides yog plaub yam tseem ceeb ntawmorganic tshuajuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab cov txheej txheem lom neeg. Cov tebchaw no ua si ntau lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev, xws li los ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev cia khoom mus rau kev txhawb nqa thiab kev sib txuas ntawm caj ces. Kev nkag siab txog cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj organic no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab tiv thaiv kab mob.
